Product Costing Methods: Strengths and Weaknesses

Product Costing Methods: Strengths and Weaknesses Todays competitive environment requires manufacturers to know their costs for competing globally. A top notch costing system is one of the most powerful information tools a management can have; especially which provide a clear picture of the activities that are driving costs and the ways individual products and processes consumes resource. We can use costs in distinct ways. Product costing is used for strategic decision making. 1 PRODUCT COSTING Product costing system is a set of procedures that accounts for an organizations product costs and provides timely and accurate unit cost information for pricing, planning and control, inventory valuation and financial statement preparation. An organization should be concerned about product costing and their firms product costing system. Use of an appropriate product costing system helps allocation of indirect costs and helps to use resources in a productive way. It is used to determine the market profit margins and also focus on sales function, customers markets and setting prices. 1. A The most common systems of product costing are: Job order costing Job order costing allocates costs to products that are readily identified by individual units or batches of which requires varying degrees of attention and skill. It is extensively used in service industries, hospitals, law firms, movie studio, accounting firms, etc. It is more complex when companies sell many different products and services. Process costing Process costing allocates costs to products by averaging costs over large number of nearly identical products. Since every unit is essentially the same, each unit receives the same manufacturing input as every other unit. Refineries, paper mills and food processing companies use process costing. A complication arising in process costing is that manufacturing of not all units may be completed at the balance sheet date. 1. B Strengths of Product Costing Useful for making judgments about management related profitability and performance, which often leads to decisions about resource allocation, shifting money from unrewarding activities to profitable activities and improve products cost performance. Helps for valuation of inventories for financial reporting purposes. Stock can be valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value under the prudence principle and the problems of allocating overheads to products for financial reporting do not arise. Plays an important role in complex pricing decision process and cost control. Cost based pricing is particularly true for customized products which do not have readily available market price. Managers often use product cost for planning and controlling the costs. For this purpose managers mainly focus on the product cost, although the scope of the analysis can be extended to include product costs from other areas of the value chain. Helps the organizations to find out the cost associated to each product .That enables to selling profitable products. This will help to avoid the use of non profitable products, and maximize profits. It gives an understanding of each products contribution to the bottom line. 1. C Weaknesses of Product Costing There are few limitations faced by the organizations by using the product costing systems they are: This costing system was developed during a period when 80% cost were related to labour, so it focused on direct labour cost. It is related to the benefits of a change in process or method reduction in direct labour. Only limited service organizations used full product costs for pricing decisions. In service organizations inventory valuation is not a major issue because there is not much to store. Planning and controlling of service organizations done through responsibility centers linked to functional activities rather than product or services. It assumed that the factory is an isolated entity and provide no indication of the impact of change in the factory on the rest of the organization. 2 Conventional costing Conventional costing produces inventory values which consist of variable costs and such fixed costs which commensurate with the level of production at which the inventories are produced. Conventional cost can aid in controlling cost as efficiently as direct costing. When conventional cost is employed on the books, the variable and fixed costs must be assembled and arranged to fit the analysis made out side the records. A limitation for conventional system is that conventional costs develop under absorbed or over absorbed manufacturing expenses which are not understood by management. (Convertibility of Direct and Conventional Costing; Joseph A. Mauriello; National Association of Cost Accountants. NACA Bulletin (pre-1986); Mar 1954; 35.7) 3 Traditional Costing Traditional costing is among the oldest used methods of costing systems. In traditional costing, the manager or the management assigns direct labour, direct material and overheads to each unit of production. In this case, the overheads are not broken down by activity but based on certain volume related factors such as direct machine hours, direct labour hour etc. (At what overhead level does activity based costing pay off? Robert J Vokurka; Rhonda R Lummus Production and Inventory Management Journal; First Quarter 2001; 42, 1; ABI/INFORM Global pg. 40) 3. A Going against the odds Although the introduction of ABC was supposed to be the remedy for the short-comings of Traditional Costing, the Japanese managers still use traditional costing measures and are able to reduce costs and increase their market share. Traditional costing uses a very powerful set of tools and methods and may be much mightier than written deficient by the simplistic textbooks. (Why the Japanese can do without ABC Patel, Ashok, Russell, David. Certified Accountant. Cork: Nov 1994. pg. 64) 3. B Advantages of Traditional costing system Easy to understand and it is widely used In a firm with only one product line, the final cost will be the same as if ABC were used It is a convenient base for the assignment of manufacturing overheads (with direct labour as a significant portion of the product cost) Easy to depict a diagram representing the flow of product cost (ABC: Revisiting the Basics) 3. C Disadvantages of Traditional Costing In most of todays business scenario, the information that a management needs for decision making are not being satisfactorily provided The averaging of the overall costs to the entire product line may result in some products carrying a major proportion of the overheads than it actually should. This in turn will affect the decision making related the product such as marketing emphasis, pricing, cost control etc Since being a volume driven cost allocation, the entire process of costing is based on the manufacturing cost while the other factors of costs (performance driven) such as Research and Development, marketing etc are averaged across all the products. (ABC: Revisiting the Basics) 4 Activity Based Costing Activity-based costing was introduced about 15 years ago and implemented initially by large manufacturing companies since it is proven to show as more beneficial in larger firms that have a diverse mix of products or services. ABC is a system for assigning costs to products based on the activities they require. These activities are those regular actions performed inside a company. Eg: asking a customer invoice related questions. In this way an organization can establish the true cost of its individual products and services for the purposes of identifying and eliminating those which are unprofitable and lowering the prices of those which are overpriced. It is generally used as a tool for understanding product and customer cost and profitability. As such, ABC has predominantly been used to support strategic decisions such as pricing, outsourcing and identification and measurement of process improvement initiatives. Cost centre, cost allocation, fixed cost, variable cost, cost drivers are the methodologies used in activity based costing. 4. A Strengths It helps to identify costs of individual activities, based on their use of resources Identify most and least profitable customers, products and channels through its methodologies. It helps to control the cost at individual level as well as on departmental levels. The cost of all activities associated with a product or service can be accurately determined before it is launched, so it helps in pricing, future product planning etc. Expands the cost of producing and selling a product so that better decision making information is available. Uses the technologies available to track costs in todays manufacturing environment. 4. B Limitations Some overhead cost is difficult to assign to products and customers, such as the chief executives salary. ABC is time consuming, if all activities are to be costed. It may be difficult to set up and establish ABC if an organization is using more traditional accounting methodologies. ABC identifies product costing better in the long run, but may not be too helpful in day-to-day decision-making. 5 Conclusion Product costing suffers from some set backs but overall it is an effective tool that helps organization in predicting and minimising costs involved in manufacturing a product as well as in providing management with relevant information for strategic decision making process that have a long term impact on the profitability of the firm. And though many experts suggest the use of marginal costing in decision making the modern organization concentrate on product costs. Traditional costing systems fail to meet the managements decision making requirements in the modern organization. But the introduction of ABC had taken out this shortcoming to a minimum level and has made it much easier for the cost control and help managers take wise decisions based on their numbers. This is where product costing systems make an impact and prove to be useful and more importantly a necessity.

9-11 Essay

The horrific after math of the tragedy event of 9-11 still impacts the United States government and the life of the citizens living in the United States today. There are still many concerns and question about what can the United States do to help prevent a terror event from taking place again. The United States has made some massive changes in it’s security since 9-11. However, even with all the new laws and regulations some believe that there is still a need for more laws. More laws and regulations that would allow law enforcement and the government to maintain or increase the liberties they have enjoyed prior to 9-11. Today the Unites States has made an enormous improvement in technology to make it safer. With all the new technology improvements since 9-11 the United States is safer, but not as safe as it could be. Citizens living in this county know that in order to make more improvement in our homeland security, counterterrorism, or any other aspect it will require new technology. But new technology doesn’t come cheap; there is a price to pay that isn’t of monetary value, less privacy for citizens. Is the invasion of some of your privacy worth giving up for protection? What can be more important than the safety of your life? One of the marvelous improvements of technology that took place preceding the event of 9-11 was airport security. These improvements were made for the better and have yield good result. With this being said, there is still controversy surrounding the changes made, like the invasion of privacy. Transportation Security Administration performs frisk and pat downs at airports, which do not violate an individual’s constitutional rights, but, there is controversy about how far Transportation Security Administration should be able to go. Today people are told to do things like take their shoes off at airports, (add another thing security does and then put a comma with etc. after it to end the sentence) These still do not violate your constitutional rights. Would you rather have someone take off their shoes or bring a bomb or weapon onto a plane? Airport security raises a lot of concern about, â€Å"how far is too far.† There was an incident with a 90 year old lady at an airport that was ask to take off her diaper. The reason that she was asked was because it was wet and it prevented her from being search properly. Once again the thing that we are overlooking is that the matter of safety overrides everything else. Or what about in 2009, when Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab was found with plastic explosives hidden in his underwear at an airport. Without the new searches and frisk and pad down procedures, the plastic bomb would have been overlooked. It’s obvious that new enforcement of laws have slowed down some of the terrorism acts but there is still much more that still needs to be done. These are just some of the reasons why our government has invested 100s of millions of dollars to speed up technology machines and equipment. One of the types of data that the government gathers about citizens are cell phone records. The National Security Agency collected the phone records of millions of Verizon customers. They ordered that, â€Å"Verizon must provide the phone numbers of both parties on a call, location data, unique identifiers and the time and duration of calls. This applies to calls both within the United States and placed to an international number,† (Welsh, 2013). This is still not an invasion of privacy or constitutional rights. Let’s take some time out to think here, what could our government be doing with this information? If anything, it’s something positive; why won’t the citizens of this country trust their government? The collection of phone numbers is for our safety. We as people should have a right to know if our neighbor is plotting a terrorist attack. If you have nothing to hide, then why would you mind giving up that information to the government? What harm coul d come from phone records. The United States government is something that every citizen in this country should put his or her trust into. With the trust and support of the people we as a whole could worry less about things like bomb threats at races, shootings in school, or shootings at movie theaters. Another type of data that is collected by our government is the gathering of online data of person’s computers records. â€Å"The Internet Surveillance Program collects data from online providers including e-mail, chat services, videos, photos, stored data, file transfers, video conferencing and  log-ins,† (Savage, 2013). Even with our government monitoring these events, which take place every day in every person’s life living in America, it still remains an issue of violating privacy. Once again its comes down to that phase if you have nothing to hide let us in†¦.if you’re a good American. I’m pretty sure the government is not listening or concerned about the foolish meaningless stuff. They can less about who individuals are dating or hanging out with. The Internet Surveillance Program was establishes to catch bad guys and prevent faulty events from taking place. The information like emails, chat service, photos, etc. is private information and should remain confidential. Which the information will, our government is not going to expose this information to the public unless there is some type of suspicion or probable cause. But, even before the situation escalates to that point there would probably be an intensive investigation. We have either seen on the news or read somewhere in a paper about the Federal Bureau Investigation, National Security Agency, or one of the many other organizations being abusive to citizens. We are human, sometimes we are going to make mistakes, but nobody wants to be accused of a crime. When the government holds someone in custody then later finds out that they are innocent, the government should find some way to compensate them for their cooperation and our mistake of false accusations. I believe that we have not left the door open to wide, in my opinion, we should welcome the government into our homes. We should show our government that we are law abiding citizens and that we appreciate what they do to help maintain peace, allowing everyone to feel safer. As far as our liberty goes, we must allow some of it to erode in order to live a safer life. Our founding fathers wrote our rights, such as liberty, many years ago. But since those times, look at how things have evolved over th e past years, such as social media, cell phones, Facebook, etc. So we must also allow our laws to evolve in order to prevent conflicts, such as 9-11. When the next big incident occurs the point of views made in this argument are some issues that will once again be evaluated. Who knows when our government will take action and do what is needed in order to maintain safety and peace. As a citizen of the United States, I am willing to give up  some of my individual rights to ensure that tragic events such as 9-11 do not occur again. The top priority should be the protection and safety of every individual living in the Unites States.

Christian-Only Hiring Policy Essay

Case Study: Matthew is planning to open a manufacturing facility. He is considering a â€Å"Christian-only† hiring policy whereby he would determine to hire only professing, evangelical Christians to work in the facility. He asks you for your advice on the following questions: 1. Would such a policy be legal? If so, under what terms and what might the restrictions be? 2. From a Great Commission perspective, would this policy be advisable? 3. How would your answers change, if at all, if they planned to open a Christian school rather than a manufacturing facility? Matthew is planning to open a manufacturing facility and is considering a â€Å"Christian-only† hiring policy. The only way that this policy would be legal is if the manufacturing facility was considered to be a non-profit organization. A non-profit organization is an organization that uses surplus revenues to achieve its goals rather than distributing them as profit or dividends. The extent to which a non-profit organization can generate surplus revenues may be constrained or use of surplus revenues may be restricted. If this manufacturing facility was deemed to be a non-profit organization, then the organization would be exempt from the Civil Rights Act and would be able to implement their â€Å"Christian-only† hiring policy without facing charges down the road of discrimination. Due to the fact that a manufacturing facility would be unable to be classified as a non-profit organization because their purpose is usually to distribute its products for profit, then my adv ice would be that this policy would not be advisable for Matthew to use a â€Å"Christian-only† hiring policy. Using this policy would cause people to be discriminated against due to religious preference, and this is clearly illegal in the United States. If Matthew was planning to open a Christian school rather than a manufacturing facility, my answer would still be that it is illegal to discriminate in a for-profit organization. There are times when a faith-based humanitarian organization has prevailed over the lawsuits brought against them for discrimination due to religious preference, however, I do not advise toying with the gray area of the laws. I would advise Matthew that if he intends to open his manufacturing facility, it is not legal and not advisable to implement his â€Å"Christian-only† hiring policy.

Mckinstry Advertising Agency - 1491 Words

McKinstry Advertising Agency You are the president of the McKinstry Advertising Agency, a medium sized firm that specializes in preparing the marketing strategies, performing the market research studies, arranging the distribution channels, and designing the advertising and promotional materials for industrial companies that have developed †off-shoot† consumer products. You obviously serve a very specific niche. Your clients are industrial companies- that is, they sell primarily to other manufacturing firms and government agencies- that have developed- as unintended outcomes of their Ramp;D programs- products for the retail trade. Dow Chemical Company, while not a client of your agency, is an almost ideal example of this type of firm.†¦show more content†¦In summary, it cannot be said that exact cause of most severe traffic accidents are known with certainty but it is believed that speeding and drinking, jointly or separately, play some role in the events that lead up to those accidents. Als o to blame, in many instances, are the design of the highway, the condition of the weather, the maintenance of the vehicle, the time of the day (many severe accidents occur at dusk, with poor lighting and tired drivers), and the presence of radar detectors. A study by the Ohio State Police found that radar detectors were present in at least one of the vehicles involved in 69% of all severe traffic accidents on the highways of that state in 2005. Studies in other states have confirmed that finding, with some estimates of the relationship running as high as 75%. The use of radar detectors is illegal in many if not most states, but neither the manufacturing nor the marketing of the units has ever been banned by the federal government which, of course, is the sole authority which could regulate their interstate trade. The U.S. constitution forbids any state from restricting† imports† from any other state. Currently, therefore, there often occur an unusual situation in which the use if the radar detector sets may be illegal within a given state, but the sale of those sets is not illegal and cannot be prohibited within that state. The manufacture and marketing of radar detectors was expanding industry,

Juvenile Justice System - 856 Words

Criminals can be all different ages; one particular category of criminals is the juveniles. A juvenile is someone who is at or below the upper age of the original jurisdiction in their resident state (Juvenile Justice, 2013). Juveniles due to age are not treated at the same level as adults; due to this we have Juvenile Justice. Juvenile justice was said to be considered all the way back to the early years from the English brought over to American culture from England (Juvenile Justice, 2013). Since then in America we have had 5 major periods in the Juvenile Justice system. The first major period was the Puritan Period which was observed from 1646-1824. This was started by the English settlers when they came to the new land. They brought over many of their laws from England (Juvenile Justice, 2013). During this time fathers had all control over families and they had very harsh punishments for juveniles. The laws were so tough they even had the death penalty for children who disobe yed their parents (Juvenile Justice, 2013). In 1646 Massachusetts passed the Stubborn Child Law, creating the first status offense, an act considered only illegal for minors. This law stayed in place for more then 300 years (Juvenile Justice, 2013). Age has always been a factor in law, even in the early years. Any child 7 or younger can not be charged with a felony, they are not completely able to determine right from wrong until over the age of 14 but just can not be charged with a felonyShow MoreRelatedJuvenile And Juvenile Justice System752 Words   |  4 PagesThe juvenile justice system and criminal justice system also known as the adult justice system is two different systems. The juvenile justice system is children who are under the age of 18 years old. After the age of 18, it is considered to be an adult it will enter through the adult justice system. There ate states that allows youth to stay in the juvenile justice system from age 18 until 21. The main differences betwee n the juvenile justice system and criminal justice system is rehabilitation andRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System And Juveniles1663 Words   |  7 Pagescriminal justice system and juveniles, there have been many landmark cases that have made a significant impact on the juvenile justice system. The cases arise from dealing with certain aspects that comes from handling juveniles entering the system. Since juveniles are very different from adults they have to deal with them a certain way and a case by case basis. The court cases concerning juveniles and the decisions that have come from them is what has made what the juvenile justice system is todayRead MoreJuveniles And The Juvenile Justice System1559 Words   |  7 PagesJuveniles committing crimes is not a new issued being introduced to society; actually, it has been an issue for centuries. However, the big question is, should juveniles be tried in adult courts? Before answering, take into consideration every possible scenario that could have led them to commit the crime. For instance, were they the leader in the act? Did they participate in the crime? Was the juvenile even aware of what was taking place? Were they peer pressured? Did they have any other choiceRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System For Juveniles1397 Words   |  6 Pageswere treated the same as adult criminals. If you are a young person under the age of 18 and you commit a crime, you will have your case heard in the juvenile justice system. The thing is that, it hasn’t always gone that way. The idea of a separate justice system for juveniles is just over one hundred years old (American Bar). Where did juvenile justice come from? The law was in the image of the common law of England. William Blackstone, Blackstone’s Commentaries on the Laws of England, first publishedRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System1313 Words   |  6 Pages Today s concept of the juvenile justice system is relatively new due to significant modifications in policy overtime. The justice system has been trying to figure out effective ways to treat juvenile criminal offenders successfully for years. The justice system did not always have a special category for juveniles and their crime. Juveniles was once treated as adults when they committed crimes and were subjected to harsh punishments. The juvenile court was the culmination of efforts of the positivistRead MoreJuvenile Justice Systems833 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Juvenile crime is a term around the world that is difficult to pinpoint and although there are several definitions many fail to be concrete. There are many factors that play into sentencing juveniles or minors upon a crime committed. How old are they? 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Law enforcementRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System795 Words   |  4 Pagessentencing demonstrates initial success in reducing recidivism rates in national outcome studies. The goal of these diversion programs is to keep adolescents out of the juvenile justice system whenever possible (Lipsey, Howell, Kelly, Chapman, Carver, 2010). These diversion programs divert adolescents from entering the juvenile justice system and offer alternatives to formal disciplinary action (Chantoe Manton, 2014). Teen courts (also called Youth Courts) are a growing type of diversion program that

Benjamin Franklin And Olaudah Equiano - 1127 Words

Benjamin Franklin and Olaudah Equiano lived during the same time period. Franklin was one of the founding fathers of the Untied States, and his commitment to making his country better was remarkable. Benjamin Franklin wrote his autobiography from 1771- 1791. Franklin passed away before he was able to see his autobiography published in 1791. Olaudah Equiano was a young boy when he was kidnapped and sold into slavery. He was forced to work on naval vessels and on plantations in Virginia. Equiano published his interesting narrative in 1789. Franklin writes about his life as a key figure of American civilization. Equiano writes about his life as a slave and abolitionist against slavery. The autobiographies of Ben Franklin and Olaudah†¦show more content†¦The authors also have different exigences for writing their autobiographies. Benjamin Franklin wrote his autobiography to help citizens of America, and inform them on his life accomplishments. Franklin wanted to help citizens pr osper in their lives just like he did. Franklin gives tips and lays out ways to be a better person throughout his autobiography. The main example of his exigence is the virtues he explains. A few of the virtues Franklin explains are, â€Å" Order- Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time. Industry- Lose no time; be always employed in something useful; cut off all unnecessary actions. Tranquility- Be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents common or unavoidable.† Franklin includes these virtues in his autobiography to provide the reader with ways to become a more successful person in life. Franklin wanted to give readers of his autobiography an outline of how to become successful in life through a few quick and easy steps. Olaudah Equiano’s main exigence or purpose for writing his autobiography is to provide the reader with knowledge of slavery. Equiano wanted everyone to know how cruel slavery was, and how unfair and poorly slaves were treated. He did this through telling his story as a slave during late 1700s. Equiano supports his purpose withShow MoreRelatedOlaudah Equiano And Benjamin Franklin1073 Words   |  5 PagesTanis Baumann 10/31/17 2nd Olaudah Equianos and Benjamin Franklin compare and contrast Olaudah and Benjamin where both different and similar in may ways and their own modes of writing and writing styles exhibit their own attitudes to the cause they cared about. Olaudah Equiano, was a former enslaved African and he wrote autobiography showing the horrors of lobbied and slavery and advocated for its abolition.   Benjamin Franklin was a printer whose success as an author led himRead MoreEssay about Influences of the Revolutionary Era1587 Words   |  7 Pagesthe United States has been molded by the actions of numerous individuals of the past. Three highly influential individuals of seventeenth century America were Abigail Adams, the second first lady of United States; Benjamin Franklin, an innovator and political powerhouse; and Olaudah Equiano, a slave that acquired his freedom and went on to write an autobiography of his journey. Abigail Adams â€Å"Abigail Adams became one of the revolutionary era’s most articulate and influential women† (Foner, 2012, pgRead MoreReflection On Reading Doctrine Three1215 Words   |  5 PagesPart 1: When reading doctrine three, I came to the conclusion that it talks about having the ability to look â€Å"outside of the box† and at times to listen to someone else’s reasoning. From reading Benjamin Franklin, I felt that he talks about this in the beginning when addressing the President about the Constitution and his approval. â€Å"I am not sure I shall never approve it; for, having lived long, I have experienced many instances of being obliged, by better information or fuller consideration, toRead MoreContrasts in Royall Tylers Play The Contrast718 Words   |  3 PagesThis simplicity of diet was actually advocated by Benjamin Franklin, and is compared with the complex food of the snobs in Europe. The plays moral judgment of the pair of cultures, of course, is fairly transparent and decidedly American, especially since within the play those who would sneer at Americas honest simplicity are condemned are condemned for their unnatural culinary corruptions of natures bounty (Madsen 1994, 47). Olaudah Equiano is the principle character and author of a biographicalRead MoreThe Slavery Of The United States1121 Words   |  5 Pagesculture understood or respected the other. Both were vying for the same land, and both were fighting for survival. This lack of understanding and commonality between the two cultures is a situation which is recurring in captivity narratives. Olaudah Equiano like many other slaves was put in a ship ready for a journey overseas but they were not ready for the voyage or the ordeal that befell slaves on such treacherous voyages. Before he had only heard narratives about the cruelty meted on hapless slavesRead MoreEarly American Literature Influenced by Religious Ideologies and Philosophies1769 Words   |  8 Pagessimplicity above all else. They also believed that every human being is born sinful and that God’s grace was given freely to everyone. Olaudah Equiano was a puritan writer and in The Interesting Narrative of The Life of Olaudah Equiano portrays his love for God with, â€Å"Behold God is my salvation; I will trust and not be afraid†¦ Praise the Lord†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Equiano 1). Equiano writes in thoughts and this narrative of his life is written in a subjective manner while highlighting the main events. When he tellsRead MoreBrief Survey of American Literature3339 Words   |  14 Pages1730s-1740s) Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) Thomas Paine (1737-1809) Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) Olaudah Equiano (1745?-1797) Philip Freneau (1752-1832) Phillis Wheatley (1753-1784) Hannah Webster Foster (1758-1840) Enlightenment and establishment of the nation Benjamin Franklin a second-generation immigrant of English descendent Writer, printer, publisher, scientist, statesman, and diplomat, he was the most famous and respected private figure of his time. Benjamin Franklin recorded hisRead MoreThe Tribe Not Only Kidnapped Mary Rowlandson1263 Words   |  6 PagesSeries†, â€Å"America: A Concise History and American History Concise Documents†, â€Å"Lauter Heath Anthology of American Literature Volume A and B Fifth edition Plus New Riverside Captivity narratives†, â€Å"Sovereignty and the Goodness of God and Benjamin and William Franklin and Narrative: Life of Fredrick Douglass 2e†, â€Å"Sovereignty and the Goodness of God and Attitudes Towards Sex in Antebellum America and Black Americans in the Revolutionary Era and Great Awakening and Democracy in America and Lincoln, SlaveryRead MoreThe History of American Literature3501 Words   |  15 Pagesfounded in 1704, and joined by the Boston Gazette in 1719. At a time when newspaper journalism was concerned primarily with reporting political events, the New-England Courant, started by James Franklin in 1721, became the first newspaper to include literary en tertainment. Franklins younger brother Benjamin Franklin published humorous social commentary in the Courant under the pen name of Silence Dogwood . Magazines also appeared for the first time in the colonies during the mid-1700s. Before 1800 magazinesRead MoreBibliographic Essay on African American History6221 Words   |  25 PagesBibliographic Essay on African American History Introduction In the essay â€Å"On the Evolution of Scholarship in Afro- American History† the eminent historian John Hope Franklin declared â€Å"Every generation has the opportunity to write its own history, and indeed it is obliged to do so.†1 The social and political revolutions of 1960s have made fulfilling such a responsibility less daunting than ever. Invaluable references, including Darlene Clark Hine, ed. Black Women in

It Needs To Reflect Objectives of an Organization for Security

Question: What Needs To Reflect Objectives of an Organization for Security? Answer: Introduction For potential growth of an organization, it is crucial to develop policies that would be helpful to minimize the risks in the organization. Policy is predetermined course of action that can be developed to provide an appropriate guidance towards accepting the business strategies as well as objectives. Present study deals with the developing information security policies as well as controls, which can address the potential threats and vulnerabilities. In addition, the study has objectives to develop awareness of ethical as well as social considerations for strategic solutions to Myer. Information security policies It is important to develop effective information system security policy in an organization like Myer. Hence, it is required to develop proper plan that would allow guiding operations without continuous intervention of management (Lowry et al. 2016). Hence, in order to comprehend the importance of policies and process and differences between them in Myer. On the other hand, the policy identifies the key activities as well as provides a general strategy to the decision makers on the process of handling the issues (Bell et al. 2015). It is accomplished through giving the users with limitations as well as a choice of alternatives, which can be utilized for guiding the process of decision-making as attempting for overcoming the issues in Myer. As cloud, as well as mobile computing, are publishing the IT landscape away from the organization, emerging internet of things is usually expending the area of a surface of defensive riddle with the holes. On the other hand, Myer embraces various technologies like Internet of things, big data, cloud as well as mobility. However, in a digital era, the concentration requires shifting from perimeters of the network in order to provide safeguarding data spreading across the systems, cloud as well as devices. Technologies like big data analytics and Internet of Things are important to be considered in the organization. Block chain along with mobile computing are reinventing the way that can be handled by the organizations from decision making to the customer service. Automation of the procedure, as well as increasing digital connectedness of entire agility of value chain, raise risks in cyber security as well as threat levels. Hence, running IT systems of Myer is supported by cloud needs the flexibility of the organization. The volume of end points and are vulnerable than ever. Hence, it is important to provide security in IT system at Myer. It is important to explain that the process has affected the design of Myer as well as work systems. Articulation of relation between the business models as strategy is required to analyze Myer. Understanding the business model, which is existed in the network economy, is one of the major parts for evaluating strengths and weakness in the organization (Matt et al. 2017). Development of information security policies is needed in Myer. Wilensky (2015) stated that information system has been considered as one of the essential evils where specialist knowledge is considered a cost. However, at present days, the information system is regarded as one of the important elements that transcend all functions of business. Intelligent discussion regarding information is generally expected from every layer of management. In order to create value from the information system, managers of an organization need to comprehend the process of working in Myer and recognize how the information system can be integrated across the functions. Fast technological changes need to be recognized in order to analyze the opportunities. However, there is a balanced view of the business in order to able for anticipating the changes. Figure 1: The Hierarchy of Data (Source: Peltier 2016 p.554) In an organization, information system managers do not require technical skill because of communication, planning and supporting people are the areas to be focused on this purpose. On the other hand, information technology is involved with capturing as well as manipulating data that includes hardware, software, peripherals as well as communication media (Yang et al. 2013). The information system can be defined as a united set of business systems that has aimed to have certain results. IT comprises IT, people and business process along with context. In addition, it is required to implement IT facilitated collaboration through social media, virtual worlds, wikis, groupware, and weblogs. There are also different services for making money online. Saaty and Kearns (2014) asserted that pay for service in an organization gives a service to Myer. Therefore, it is important to consider that that subscription for Myer offers content based service, which is based on the subscriber access to user pay. On contrary, advertisement supports the content of an organization like Myer through attracting with the broad audience as well as advertising space that can be sold on the pages. Affiliation of the modes is useful to the site of the seller and earns commission whether reference leads to a certain scale. Gathering, storing as well as manipulating and communicating data have revolutionized the utilization as well as the spread of the information. Hence, creating ethical dilemmas and speed as well as the efficiency of the electronic information system include local and global networks. The databases as well as programs process the information and creating ethical dilemmas in Myer. In addition, speed, as well as efficiency of electronic information system, includes local as well as global networks and databases along with programs. Hence, it is required to consider local as well as global networks with the databases and programs confront the rights as well as responsibilities in using the information and consider the standards of conducting shaped before adverting of the computers. As information is one of the sources of power as well as increasingly the key to prosperity with accessing to the process. Developments in the information system involve social as well as political relationships in order to make ethical considerations in the process utilized in an important way. The electronic systems have the levels of the Government needs to involve with the workplace as well as private lives to a great extent. Hence, it is important to have ethical as well as legal decisions that are essential to make balance the requirements as well as rights of the persons. Challenges In order to implement information system and policies in an organization like Myer, various challenges are faced. In human-centered management, technology will cope and people will struggle (Galegher et al. 2014). In addition, there are subtle differences in the meaning as information system permeates all the functions. On the other hand, there are also some pitfalls in the application of IT in Myer. The business development managers understand the process of business works in the better way compared to technical people. In addition, failure in tapping the resources defines as the system that does not reflect the actual requirements of the business. For an example, the difference in the comprehending of basic terms like date of sales defines that dependence of position in Myer. The requirements and investment in the investment divide the investment into several categories such as infrastructure, communications, machines, and networks (Holsapple 2013). In addition, there are the transactional procedure for repetitive tasks and replacing the manual processing with the automation system. In addition, as per informational needs, it is required to provide information on management in order to manage the business. The IT investment pyramid is used in order to compare the alternate mixes of information technology in distinctive businesses. In addition, developing of evaluation method needs more knowledge of the business compared to computing (Riley et al. 2016). For an example, cabinet manufacture has strong development strategy and has values as well as flexibility for responsive to the market changes. Analysis of IS for compliance with ethical and legal frameworks An organization needs to follow learning curve in order to apply some changes in the organization. Initiation of the technologies is generally introduced into the particular organization in order to perform simple functions of administration like payroll automation and general ledger function (Peters et al. 2013). The functions can be categorized through reducing involvement of the user and low expenditure for data proceeding as well as functional applications, which are helpful to minimize costs. On the other hand, contagion deals with enthusiastic utilization of technology that commits resources compared to lack of control and development of budget rapidly. Controlling the managers realize that there is a great control over the process is required and documentation of the system is upgraded with reviewing the budgets as well as full control over the resources of information technology. Integration of the incompatible systems as well as frustration of users is involved in it. Integr ation of the management succeeds through making interaction in technology into the business process of the organization. However, data administration is concerned with sharing of data resources as well as manages the data (Bloom et al. 2014). The management of an organization needs to focus on the shift from it to information systems. The concept of responding the standard as well as a template for the corporate governance, it is important to consider all the policies and procedures that are associated with the organization. In addition, the corporate governance has a specialized mechanism in order to regulate risks that can address the activities averting the corporate disasters and scandals along with consequential damages to the investors, employees, staffs as well as society. The corporate governance is sophisticated as well as a flexible concept that can address the basic purposes of the organizations. Hence, it is important to have proper understanding and questioning as well as refining the basic economic systems as well as philosophies. On the other hand, vision statement of an organization explains the ideas of a business manager for the final position of the organization and when it will achieve its target. For an example, vision Statement of Dell (Xu et al. 2014). Hence, it is required to interact with the community and interpret as well as understand demands of the customers as well as global technology. Hence, Dell requires providing full customer satisfaction to become the most successful computer organization. In this purpose, adoption of newest technology as well as loyal customers will be helpful to achieve the target. Bretschneider and Parker (2016) argued that strategy of an organization refers to the design, setup as well as capabilities of Myer in order to act out the strategic plan for achieving the target of the organization. In this perspective, a simple framework in order to understand the design of an organization would be helpful, which is a business diamond. Business diamond addresses the plan of Myer as its processes of business and its values as well as beliefs. The management control systems, as well as task along with structures, have a vital role in this issue (Bigdeli et al. 2014). Example: JetBlue. It reviews the details of the previous days flights. In addition, it inspects each of the operations in order to enhance its efficiency. Evaluation of strengths and limitation Applying information security policy in Myer enhances the opportunities of business as well as performance. It helps to keep abreast of the competitive forces and minimize costs for operating. In order to gain timely as well as accurate information, the system would be useful for gaining competitive advantages in Myer. Thus, the creation of new distribution channels and improvement in relation with the suppliers would be helpful for the organization. In the perspectives of e-business, being first to the market and opening the opportunities for direct marketing are required for the development of business. A new channel of distribution, connection with the customers and driving nature of change in technology would be useful for the business. However, the effect of deploying information system in an organization can be useful in order to achieve the organizational target for paying IS vital in the parts of data collection, assessment, and communication. In data collection, information systems are generally used for collecting data like a number of key strokes and prcising the time spent on particular tasks. There are usually such amount of data are collected in order to monitor works of the employees. In the part of evaluation, data is evaluated against historical data. The manager of the organization can analyze the gathered data in order to compare the productivity of staffs. The collected information is analyzed and used for providing feedback to the staffs. Adoption of business models and framework would be helpful for the organization in increasing its productivity and achieve the goal. There are four types of business models such as Business-to-consumer (B2C), Business-to-business (B2B), Consumer-to-consumer (C2C) and Consumer-to-business (C2B). In Business-to-consumer (B2C) model, communication between business and consumers is focused. Examples: Amazon.com and RosesOnly.com.au. On contrary, Business-to-business (B2B) deals with two businesses and they are the main players involved. The transactions have a tendency to be less frequent as well as higher-value. Example: Chemconnect web. Consumer-to-consumer (C2C involves two consumers who interact directly (Yinan et al. 2014). In addition, communication between those stakeholders is focused. Example: eBay.com. On the other hand, social networking is also included in the category. Example: E-bay, the giant web auction site. It enables people for selling their products to others and the process is achieved by auctioning off their merchandise off to the highest paid bidder. However, there is also a fixed price in the products. Consumer-to-business (C2B) occurs during interacting with the customers and businesses is not as buyers but suppliers. For an example, eLance.com allows experts in order to tender expertise for completion of jobs that are offered to businesses. In different ways, business models are categorizing in Bricks and mortar, bricks and clicks and pure plays. Brick and mortar model deal with the traditional business having the physical presence. On the other hand, Bricks and clicks allow online grocery process of ordering. For an example, Colesonline.com.au is a supermarket icon in Australia. However, Pure Plays have a business that offers the existed online process like Google, Facebook, and Skype. Hence, it is required to selectee appropriate business models in Myer so that the business of the organization can implement the information system properly. The design of producers, as well as building products along with services, is required to be done as per the market or consumer demands. For examples, Ford Motor Company, American Express as well as Qantas try to fulfill the demands of the customers. In addition, distributors enable the buyers as well as sellers to connect and communicate along with transacting. The organizations have inventory as well as resell like retailer, wholesalers. They may simply act as the agents like aggregators, exchanges as well as marketplaces (Fattah 2016). On the other hand, examples of distributors are involved in the e-business such as Autoweb. In these businesses, effective network infrastructure is provided. Infrastructure providers and infrastructure portals are included in this category. Business is developed on proper network infrastructure that includes the chain of producers, focused distributors, and suppliers. Infrastructure portals are linked with the buyers to the widest range of networki ng as well as computing along with providers for application hosting. The link buyers, as well as sellers, sell products to the widest possible range of the providers. It can be categorized as horizontal and vertical for application service providers. Horizontal portals consist of ISPs, outsourcing for data-centre, providers of network-service and services of web hosting. The revenue is derived from the access as well as maintenance fees. In addition, subscription services along with transaction fees are included in that. The key costs consist of data as well as network operations. The software development as well as maintenance, sales along with administration is involved with the operation. Example: BigPond. In addition, the vertical portal is also known as Application Service Providers' (ASPs). It hosts as well as maintains the applications of software. The focus is generally towards the businesses. Hence, advertising is not an important source of revenue. Example: IBM. In this perspective, a strategy is a set of actions in order to fulfill the objectives as well as for purposes and targets of the organization (Peltier 2013). The mission of the organization needs to be clear as well as compelling with the statement, which unifies the particular organization as well as explains about the organization. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that it is important to analyze strengths of an organization and its strategies that can be achieved with making following issues. 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